Diego Velázquez (1599–1660) was the defining genius of Spain’s Golden Age and one of history’s greatest portraitists. Born in Seville, he trained under Francisco Pacheco, developing a sharp realism rooted in close observation of people, objects, and light. In 1623 he moved to Madrid and became court painter to Philip IV, shaping the public image of the Spanish monarchy with unmatched psychological insight and restraint. Travels to Italy expanded his command of color and space, while encounters with Peter Paul Rubens reinforced his international stature. Velázquez’s mature style—loose yet precise, luminous, and atmospheric—made paint behave like air and skin, achieving realism without stiffness. Beyond royalty, he portrayed courtiers, workers, and court outsiders with unusual dignity, widening the emotional range of official art. Late in life he secured admission to the Order of Santiago, a rare honor for a painter. His influence runs from Francisco Goya to Édouard Manet, who admired his truthfulness and modern brushwork.